Advances in van der Waals thermoelectric materials: prospects and challenges

This paper provides a comprehensive review of models and advancements in the discovery of novel van der Waals (vdW) layered materials for thermoelectric applications. The theoretical complexities involved in predicting thermoelectric properties are explored, highlighting the key aspects and challenges in the accurate prediction of fundamental thermoelectric parameters. First-principles and semiclassical models are illustrated, and their respective strengths and limitations in guiding experimental efforts are discussed. The synthesis methods are discussed, suggesting the strengths and limitations of each approach. Current state-of-the-art characterisation techniques for measuring key thermoelectric properties are reported, along with examples of top-performing vdW materials. Critical challenges in developing high-efficiency thermoelectric materials are mentioned, suggesting future research directions.