Fishtail shape in the magnetic hysteresis loop for superconductors:Interplay between different pinning mechanisms

The scaling and relaxation behavior around the fishtail minimum is studied in detail in a wide temperature range (3-70 K) on (Formula presented)(Formula presented)(Formula presented) single crystals exhibiting a pronounced fishtail effect. Magnetic hysteresis loops (MHLșs) normalized with respect to the height and position of the fishtail maximum fall on a universal curve which form can be derived from the phenomenological model of a thermally activated flux creep proposed by Perkins et al. [Phys. Rev. B 51, 8513 (1995)]. This universal curve tends at low fields towards zero. At low temperatures, the drop of (Formula presented) at low fields is usually masked by a wide central peak. By subtracting the universal curve from the experimental (Formula presented)(B) data we separate the contribution of the central peak. It has a simple, exponentially decaying field dependence. This implies that the fishtail minimum at low fields might be understood as a result of an overlapping of two contributions originating from separate pinning mechanisms: one active mainly at high fields and dying away with B going to zero and another one (responsible for the central peak of the MHL) vanishing rapidly with increasing field. This concept is also supported by relaxation experiments. These experiments confirm that the shape of MHLșs is given by a dynamic equilibrium between the induction, pinning, and relaxation processes.