@article{69693d53aca545fcb4e0f7339179b659,
title = "Remote sensing for international peace and security: Its role and implications",
abstract = "Remote sensing technology has seen a massive rise in popularity over the last two decades, becoming an integral part of our lives. Space-based satellite technologies facilitated access to the inaccessible terrains, helped humanitarian teams, support complex emergencies, and contributed to monitoring and verifying conflict zones. The scoping phase of this review investigated the utility of the role of remote sensing application to complement international peace and security activities owing to their ability to provide objective near real-time insights at the ground level. The first part of this review looks into the major research concepts and implementation of remote sensing-based techniques for international peace and security applications and presented a meta-analysis on how advanced sensor capabilities can support various aspects of peace and security. With key examples, we demonstrated how this technology assemblage enacts multiple versions of peace and security: for refugee relief operations, in armed conflicts monitoring, tracking acts of genocide, providing evidence in courts of law, and assessing contravention in human rights. The second part of this review anticipates future challenges that can hinder the applicative capabilities of remote sensing in peace and security. Varying types of sensors pose discrepancies in image classifications and issues like cost, resolution, and difficulty of ground-truth in conflict areas. With emerging technologies and sufficient secondary resources available, remote sensing plays a vital operational tool in conflict-affected areas by supporting an extensive diversity in public policy actions for peacekeeping processes.",
keywords = "Conflict resources monitoring, Disease control and prevention, Genocide tracking, Geopolitics, Human rights, Human rights violation",
author = "Ram Avtar and Asma Kouser and Ashwani Kumar and Deepak Singh and Prakhar Misra and Ankita Gupta and Yunus, {Ali P.} and Pankaj Kumar and Johnson, {Brian Alan} and Rajarshi Dasgupta and Netrananda Sahu and Rimba, {Andi Besse}",
note = "Funding Information: Looking at the collaboration networks among various actors and agencies, the Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) is an important example [97]. The project is funded by the American actor George Clooney{\textquoteright}s organization Not On Our Watch [98]. The goal of the project is to prevent the return of all-out civil war between South Sudan and Sudan. In the SSP program, a non-governmental organization is working with a private donor with aid through remote sensing for assessing, deterring, and documenting human rights violations [97]. For SSP to accomplish this goal, they have partnered with the imagery provider DigitalGlobe and their imagery analysis experts. DigitalGlobe{\textquoteright}s high-resolution commercial satellites, known as QuickBird, WorldView-1, and WorldView-2, pass over Sudan and South Sudan in order to understand the impact on civilians. After collecting the satellite images, analysts at DigitalGlobe work with the rights-based group called the Enough Project to analyze imagery and ground sourcing information. If experts detect human rights abuses, then the project releases a report to the press and policymakers to generate a rapid response when it comes to human rights abuses and human security concerns [96]. Funding Information: Funding: The publication fee was supported by the Publication Support Grants of Hokkaido University, Japan. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2021",
month = jan,
doi = "10.3390/rs13030439",
language = "English",
volume = "13",
journal = "Remote Sensing",
issn = "2072-4292",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "3",
}